Person Page 2,130

The Y chromosome is passed from father to son remaining mostly unaltered across generations, except for small traceable changes in DNA. By tracking these changes, we constructed a family tree of humankind where all male lineages trace back to a single common ancestor who lived hundreds of thousands of years ago. This human tree allows us to explore lineages through time and place and to uncover the modern history of your direct paternal surname line and the ancient history of our shared ancestors.

The IJ-P124 Story: IJ-P124's paternal line was formed when it branched off from the ancestor IJK-L15 and the rest of mankind around 44,000 BCE. This date is an estimate based on genetic information only. With a 95% probability, the ancestor IJK-L15 was born between the years 50,418 and 38,367 BCE. The most likely estimate is 44,199 BCE, rounded to 44,000 BCE. This estimate will likely change in the future as more people test and we improve the method.

The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 39,000 BCE. This date is an estimate based on genetic information only. With a 95% probability, the most recent common ancestor of all members of haplogroup IJ-P124 was born between the years 44,820 and 34,055 BCE. The most likely estimate is 39,264 BCE, rounded to 39,000 BCE. This estimate will likely change in the future as more people test and we improve the method.

He is the ancestor of at least 2 descendant lineages known as J-M304 & I-L758. Descendant lineages are identified as people test their Y-DNA with the Big Y test.

There are 168,201 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from:
England,
Saudi Arabia,
Sweden, and
206 other countries.

This information is self-reported by FamilyTreeDNA participants. It represents the earliest known countries of origin on their direct paternal lines.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup IJ is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup IJ is a descendant branch of Haplogroup F-L15[1] which in turn derives from the greater Haplogroup F. Descendants are Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J. Haplogroup IJ derived populations account for a significant fraction of the present-day populations of Europe, Western Eurasia, North Africa, the Americas, and Australia.

Origin

The existence of the Haplogroup IJ node has been inferred from the fact that certain mutations are shared in common among all Y-chromosomes belonging to the descendant haplogroups I and J. Until very recently, the lack of examples of Haplogroup IJ* belonging to neither Haplogroup I nor Haplogroup J complicated any attempt to deduce the geographical location where Haplogroup IJ first appeared. Both Haplogroup I and Haplogroup J are found among modern populations of the Caucasus, Anatolia, and South west Asia tends to support the hypothesis that Haplogroup IJ derived from Haplogroup F-L15 (Y-DNA) in the vicinity of West Asia or the Middle East and subsequently spread throughout Western Eurasia. A recent study by Grugni et al 2012 of genetic diversity in Iran found some examples of Haplogroup IJ(M429). These individuals were reported to be ancestral (negative) for the primary SNPs that define both haplogroup I (M170) and haplogroup J (M304) and therefore appear to represent a yet undefined genetic branch. Because only a select few SNPs were tested, one cannot rule out that these individuals would test positive for one of the other SNPs thought to be phyloequivalent to M170 and M304.[2][3] It may be difficult to draw conclusions given the relatively small number of haplogroup IJ samples that were discovered given the limited scope of testing that was done.

The TMRCA (time to most recent common ancestor) for the IJ clade, expressed in ky (confidence interval), is 38.5 (30.5-46.2).[4

lines.

Haplogroup I (M170) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is a subgroup of haplogroup IJ, which itself is a derivative of the haplogroup IJK. Subclades I1 and I2 can be found in most present-day European populations, with peaks in some Northern European and South-eastern European countries.

Haplogroup I appears to have arisen in Europe, so far being found in Palaeolithic sites throughout Europe (Fu 2016), but not outside it. It diverged from common ancestor IJ* about 43,000 years B.P. (Karafet 2008). Early evidence for haplogroup J has been found in the Caucasus and Iran (Jones 2015, Fu 2016). In addition, living examples of the precursor Haplogroup IJ* have been found only in Iran, among the Mazandarani and ethnic Persians from Fars.[1] This may indicate that IJ originated in South West Asia.

Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (and until 2007 as I1b), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of Haplogroup I-M170. Haplogroup I-M438 originated some time around 26,000-31,000 BCE. It originated in Europe and developed into several main subgroups : I2-M438*, I2a-L460, I2b-L415 and I2c-L596.[2] The haplogroup can be found all over Europe and reaches its maximum frequency in the Dinaric Alps (Balkans) via founder effect.[4] Examples of basal I-M438* have been found in males from Crete and Sicily .

Ötzi, also called The Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi's remains were discovered on 19 September 1991, in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi", German) at the Austria-Italy border. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.

Because of the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe that Ötzi was killed by another person. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, South Tyrol, Italy.

The Y chromosome is passed from father to son remaining mostly unaltered across generations, except for small traceable changes in DNA. By tracking these changes, we constructed a family tree of humankind where all male lineages trace back to a single common ancestor who lived hundreds of thousands of years ago. This human tree allows us to explore lineages through time and place and to uncover the modern history of your direct paternal surname line and the ancient history of our shared ancestors.

The A-PR2921 Story: A-PR2921's paternal line was formed when it branched off from the ancestor and the rest of mankind at an unknown time. This lineage does not yet have an estimated age. Two or more Big Y test results are typically required for an age estimate.

The man who is the most recent common ancestor of this line is estimated to have been born around 232,000 BCE. This date is an estimate based on genetic information only. With a 95% probability, the most recent common ancestor of all members of haplogroup A-PR2921 was born between the years 267,963 and 200,472 BCE. The most likely estimate is 231,806 BCE, rounded to 232,000 BCE. This estimate will likely change in the future as more people test and we improve the method.

He is the ancestor of at least 2 descendant lineages known as A-L1090 & A-L1087. Descendant lineages are identified as people test their Y-DNA with the Big Y test.

There are 592,123 DNA tested descendants, and they specified that their earliest known origins are from:
England,
United States,
Ireland, and
290 other countries.

This information is self-reported by FamilyTreeDNA participants. It represents the earliest known countries of origin on their direct paternal lines.

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In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-MRCA) is the name given to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living people are descended patrilineally (tracing back only along the paternal or male lines of their family tree). A paper published in March 2013 determined that, with 95% confidence and that provided there are no systematic errors in the study's data, Y-chromosomal Adam lived between 237,000 and 581,000 years ago.[1] Earlier studies have estimated the date for Y-MRCA as between 60,000[2] and 142,000 years ago.[3]

Y-chromosomal Adam is named after the biblical Adam. However, unlike his biblical namesake, the bearer of the chromosome co-existed with other human males and was not the only human male alive during his time.[4] None of his male contemporaries, however, produced a direct, unbroken male line to a male living today. Moreover, the title "Y-chromosomal Adam" is not permanently fixed on a single individual (see the section "Variable Adam" below for details).

All living humans are also descended matrilineally from Mitochondrial Eve, who is thought to have lived approximately 200,000 years ago. Y-chromosomal Adam and Mitochondrial Eve need not have lived at the same time, nor at the same place.

Origin

Initial studies implicated East Africa and Southern Africa as the likely sources of human Y-chromosome diversity. This was because the basal lineages, Haplogroup A and Haplogroup B achieve their highest frequencies in these regions. But according to Cruciani et al. 2011, the most basal lineages have been detected in West, Northwest and Central Africa. In a sample of 2204 African Y-chromosomes, 8 chromosomes belonged to either haplogroup A1b or A1a. Haplogroup A1a was identified in two Moroccan Berbers, one Fulbe and one Tuareg from Niger. Haplogroup A1b was identified in three Bakola pygmies from Southern Cameroon and one Algerian Berber. Cruciani et al. 2011 suggest a Y-chromosomal Adam, living somewhere in Central-Northwest Africa, fits well with the data.[7]

In November 2012, a study by Scozzari et al. reinforced "the hypothesis of an origin in the north-western quadrant of the African continent for the A1b haplogroup, and, together with recent findings of ancient Y-lineages in central-western Africa, provide new evidence regarding the geographical origin of human MSY diversity".[8]

Variable Adam

Different MRCAs (Most Recent Common Ancestor)
The title "Y-chromosomal Adam" is not permanently fixed on a single individual. It follows from the definition of Y-chromosomal Adam that he had at least two sons who both have unbroken lineages that have survived to the present day. If the lineages of all but one of those sons die out, then the title of "Y-chromosomal Adam" shifts forward from the remaining son through his patrilineal descendants, until the first descendant is reached, who had at least two sons who both have living, patrilineal descendants.

Once a lineage has died out it is irretrievably lost and this mechanism can thus only shift the title of "Y-chromosomal Adam" forward in time. Such an event could be due to the total extinction of several basal haplogroups.[5]

In addition to the ability of the title of Y-chromosomal Adam to shift forward in time, the estimate of Y-chromosomal Adam's DNA sequence, his position in the family tree, the time when he lived, and his place of origin, are all subject to future revisions.

The following events would change the estimate of who the individual designated Y-chromosomal Adam was:
Further sampling of Y chromosomes could uncover previously unknown divergent lineages. If this happens, Y-chromosome lineages would converge on an individual who lived further back in time.
The discovery of additional deep rooting mutations in known lineages could lead to a rearrangement of the family tree.
Revision of the Y-chromosome mutation rate (see below) can change the estimate of the time when he lived.

Neanderthals - Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. The type specimen, Neanderthal 1, was found in 1856 in the Neander Valley in present-day Germany.

It is not clear when the line of Neanderthals split from that of modern humans; studies have produced various times ranging from 315,000 to more than 800,000 years ago. The date of divergence of Neanderthals from their ancestor H. heidelbergensis is also unclear. The oldest potential Neanderthal bones date to 430,000 years ago, but the classification remains uncertain. Neanderthals are known from numerous fossils, especially from after 130,000 years ago.

The reasons for Neanderthal extinction are disputed. Theories for their extinction include demographic factors such as small population size and inbreeding, competitive replacement, interbreeding and assimilation with modern humans, change of climate, disease, or a combination of these factors.

Importantly, a proof that being a human species will NOT automatically guarantee survival over environment.

The Hominidae, whose members are known as the great apes or hominids, are a taxonomic family of primates that includes eight extant species in four genera: Pongo (the Bornean, Sumatran and Tapanuli orangutan); Gorilla (the eastern and western gorilla); Pan (the chimpanzee and the bonobo); and Homo, of which only modern humans (Homo sapiens) remain.

Numerous revisions in classifying the great apes have caused the use of the term hominid to change over time. The original meaning of "hominid" referred only to humans (Homo) and their closest extinct relatives. However, by the 1990s humans, apes, and their ancestors were considered to be "hominids".

AL 288-1, commonly known as Lucy or Dinkʼinesh (Amharic: ድንቅ ነሽ, lit. 'you are marvellous'), is a collection of several hundred pieces of fossilized bone comprising 40 percent of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species Australopithecus afarensis. It was discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia, at Hadar, a site in the Awash Valley of the Afar Triangle, by Donald Johanson, a paleoanthropologist of the Cleveland Museum of Natural History.

Lucy is an early australopithecine and is dated to about 3.2 million years ago. The skeleton presents a small skull akin to that of non-hominin apes, plus evidence of a walking-gait that was bipedal and upright, akin to that of humans (and other hominins); this combination supports the view of human evolution that bipedalism preceded increase in brain size. A 2016 study proposes that Australopithecus afarensis was also, to a large extent, tree-dwelling, though the extent of this is debated.

Lucy was named by Pamela Alderman after the 1967 song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by the Beatles, which was played loudly and repeatedly in the expedition camp all evening after the excavation team's first day of work on the recovery site. After public announcement of the discovery, Lucy captured much international interest, becoming a household name at the time.

Lucy became famous worldwide, and the story of her discovery and reconstruction was published in a book by Johanson and Edey. Beginning in 2007, the fossil assembly and associated artefacts were exhibited publicly in an extended six-year tour of the United States; the exhibition was called Lucy's Legacy: The Hidden Treasures of Ethiopia. There was discussion of the risks of damage to the unique fossils, and other museums preferred to display casts of the fossil assembly. The original fossils were returned to Ethiopia in 2013, and subsequent exhibitions have used casts.